US$4.03 million (2010)Developed fromVariantsDeveloped intoThe General Atomics MQ-1 Predator is an American (RPA) built by that was used primarily by the (USAF) and (CIA). Initially conceived in the early 1990s for and forward observation roles, the Predator carries cameras and other sensors. It was modified and upgraded to carry and fire two or other munitions.
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The aircraft entered service in 1995, and saw combat in the, the, the, the, the, and.The USAF describes the Predator as a 'Tier II' MALE UAS (medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft system). The UAS consists of four aircraft or 'air vehicles' with sensors, a (GCS), and a primary satellite link communication suite. Powered by a engine and driven by a propeller, the air vehicle can fly up to 400 (460; 740 ) to a target, loiter overhead for 14 hours, then return to its base.The RQ-1 Predator was the primary remotely piloted aircraft used for offensive operations by the USAF and the CIA in Afghanistan and the from 2001 until the introduction of the; it has also been deployed elsewhere. Because offensive uses of the Predator are, U.S. Military officials have reported an appreciation for the intelligence and reconnaissance-gathering abilities of RPAs but declined to publicly discuss their offensive use.
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The United States Air Force retired the Predator in 2018.Civilian applications for drones have included border enforcement and scientific studies, and to monitor wind direction and other characteristics of large forest fires (such as the drone that was used by the in the August 2013 ). A Predator flies on a simulated Navy aerial reconnaissance flight off the coast of southern California on 5 December 1995.The (CIA) and began experimenting with unmanned (drones) in the early 1980s. The CIA preferred small, lightweight, unobtrusive drones, in contrast to the (USAF). In the early 1990s, the CIA became interested in the ', a drone developed by Leading Systems, Inc. The company's owner, was the former chief designer for the, and had immigrated to the U.S. In the late 1970s. Karem's company had since gone bankrupt and been bought up by a U.S.
Defense contractor, from whom the CIA secretly bought five drones (now called the '). Karem agreed to produce a quiet engine for the vehicle, which had until then sounded like 'a lawnmower in the sky'. The new development became known as the 'Predator'.(GA) was awarded a contract to develop the Predator in January 1994, and the initial Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) phase lasted from January 1994 to June 1996. First flight took place on 3 July 1994 at the in the. The aircraft itself was a derivative of the.
During the ACTD phase, three systems were purchased from GA, comprising twelve aircraft and three ground control stations.From April through May 1995, the Predator ACTD aircraft were flown as a part of the Roving Sands 1995 exercises in the U.S. The exercise operations were successful, and this led to the decision to deploy the system to the Balkans later in the summer of 1995.During the ACTD, Predators were operated by a combined Army/Navy/Air Force/Marine team managed by the Navy's Joint Program Office for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (JPO-UAV) and first deployed to Gjader, Albania, for operations in the Former Yugoslavia in spring 1995.By the start of the, the USAF had acquired 60 Predators, and said it had lost 20 of them in action.
Few if any of the losses were from enemy action, the worst problem apparently being foul weather, particularly icy conditions. Some critics within the Pentagon saw the high loss rate as a sign of poor operational procedures. In response to the losses caused by cold weather conditions, a few of the later USAF Predators were fitted with systems, along with an uprated turbocharged engine and improved avionics. This improved 'Block 1' version was referred to as the 'RQ-1B', or the 'MQ-1B' if it carried munitions; the corresponding was 'RQ-1L' or 'MQ-1L'.The Predator system was initially designated the RQ-1 Predator. The 'R' is the designation for reconnaissance and the 'Q' refers to an unmanned aircraft system. The '1' describes it as being the first of a series of aircraft systems built for unmanned reconnaissance. Pre-production systems were designated as RQ-1A, while the RQ-1B (not to be confused with the Predator B, which became the ) denotes the baseline production configuration.
These are designations of the system as a unit. The actual aircraft themselves were designated RQ-1K for pre-production models, and RQ-1L for production models. In 2002, the USAF officially changed the designation to MQ-1 ('M' for multi-role) to reflect its growing use as an armed aircraft. Command and sensor systems During campaign in the former Yugoslavia, a Predator's pilot would sit with several payload specialists in a van near the runway of the drone's operating base. Direct radio signals controlled the drone's takeoff and initial ascent. Then communications shifted to military satellite networks linked to the pilot's van.
Pilots experienced a delay of several seconds between moving their and the drone's response. But by 2000, improvements in communications systems made it possible, at least in theory, to fly the drone remotely from great distances.
It was no longer necessary to use close-up radio signals during the Predator's takeoff and ascent. The entire flight could be controlled by satellite from any center with the right equipment. The CIA proposed to attempt over Afghanistan the first fully remote Predator flight operations, piloted from the agency's headquarters at.The Predator air vehicle and sensors are controlled from the ground station via a data link or a satellite data link for beyond-line-of-sight operations.
During flight operations the crew in the ground control station is a pilot and two sensor operators. The aircraft is equipped with the AN/AAS-52 Targeting System, a color nose camera (generally used by the pilot for flight control), a variable aperture day-TV camera, and a variable aperture (for low light/night). Previously, Predators were equipped with a for looking through smoke, clouds or haze, but lack of use validated its removal to reduce weight and conserve fuel. The cameras produce full motion video and the synthetic aperture radar produced still frame. There is sufficient bandwidth on the datalink for two video sources to be used at one time, but only one video source from the sensor ball can be used at any time due to design limitations. Either the daylight variable aperture or the infrared electro-optical sensor may be operated simultaneously with the synthetic aperture radar, if equipped. All later Predators are equipped with a that allows the pilot to identify targets for other aircraft and even provide the for manned aircraft.
This laser is also the designator for the that are carried on the MQ-1. Deployment methodology. Predator operators at Balad Camp Anaconda, Iraq, August 2007Each Predator air vehicle can be disassembled into six main components and loaded into a container nicknamed 'the coffin.' This enables all system components and support equipment to be rapidly deployed worldwide. The largest component is the ground control station and it is designed to roll into a.
The Predator primary satellite link consists of a 6.1-meter (20-ft) satellite dish and associated support equipment. The satellite link provides communications between the ground station and the aircraft when it is beyond line-of-sight and is a link to networks that disseminate secondary intelligence. The RQ-1A system needs 1,500 by 40 meters (5,000 by 125 ft) of hard surface runway with clear line-of-sight to each end from the ground control station to the air vehicles. Initially, all components needed to be located on the same airfield.
Currently, the U.S. Air Force uses a concept called 'Remote-Split Operations' where the satellite datalink is located in a different location and is connected to the GCS through fiber optic cabling. This allows Predators to be launched and recovered by a small 'Launch and Recovery Element' and then handed off to a 'Mission Control Element' for the rest of the flight. This allows a smaller number of troops to be deployed to a forward location, and consolidates control of the different flights in one location. The improvements in the MQ-1B production version include an ARC-210 radio, an APX-100 IFF/SIF with mode 4, a glycol-weeping 'wet wings' ice mitigation system, upgraded turbo-charged engine, fuel injection, longer wings, dual alternators as well as other improvements. On 18 May 2006, the (FAA) issued a certificate of authorization which will allow the M/RQ-1 and aircraft to be used within U.S.
Civilian airspace to search for survivors of disasters. Requests had been made in 2005 for the aircraft to be used in operations following, but because there was no FAA authorization in place at the time, the assets were not used. The Predator's with digitally enhanced zoom has the capability of identifying the of a human body from an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft), making the aircraft an ideal search and rescue tool.The longest declassified Predator flight to date lasted for 40 hours, 5 minutes.
The total flight time reached 1 million hours in April 2010, according to General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. Armed versions.
Close-up of the missile, 2004.The USAF managed the Predator program and was given direction on 21 June 2000 to explore options to arm the aircraft. This led to it being fitted with reinforced wings and stores to carry munitions, as well as a. The RQ-1 conducted its first firing of a on 16 February 2001; over a bombing range near north of, an inert AGM-114C successfully hit a tank target. This led to a series of tests on 21 February 2001 in which the Predator fired three Hellfire missiles, scoring hits on a stationary tank with all three missiles. Following the February tests, the decision was made to move immediately to increment two of the testing phase, which involved more complex tests to hunt for simulated moving targets from greater altitudes with the more advanced AGM-114K version.
The scheme was put into service, with the armed Predators given the new designation of MQ-1A. The Predator gives little warning of attack; it is relatively quiet and the Hellfire is supersonic, so it strikes before it is heard by the target.In the winter of 2000–2001, after seeing the results of Predator reconnaissance in Afghanistan (see below), head of the CIA's (CTC), became a 'vocal advocate' of arming the Predator with missiles to target in the country. He also believed that CIA pressure and practical interest were causing the USAF's armed Predator program to be significantly accelerated. Black, and 'Richard', who was in charge of the CTC's, continued to press during 2001 for a Predator armed with Hellfire missiles. Further weapons tests occurred between 22 May and 7 June 2001, with mixed results. While missile accuracy was excellent, there were some problems with missile fuzing.' In the first week of June, in the Nevada Desert, a Hellfire missile was successfully launched on a replica of bin Laden's Afghanistan residence.
A missile launched from a Predator exploded inside one of the replica's rooms; it was concluded that any people in the room would have been killed. However, the armed Predator did not go into action before the.The USAF has also investigated using the Predator to drop battlefield ground sensors and to carry and deploy the. Later development and future Two unarmed versions, known as the were built, ALTUS I for the and ALTUS II for the in 1997 and 1996, respectively.Based on the MQ-1 Predator, the was developed for the U.S. Army.The USAF ordered a total of 259 Predators, and due to retirements and crashes the number in Air Force operation was reduced to 154 as of May 2014. Budget proposals planned to retire the Predator fleet between FY 2015 and 2017 in favor of the larger, which has greater payload and range.
The Predators would likely be stored at or be given to other organizations willing to take them. The has shown interest, but already operate higher-performance Reapers and are having difficulty with operating costs.
The has also shown interest in land-based UAV surveillance. Foreign sales are also an option, but the MQ-1 may be subject to limitations of the because it can be armed; export markets are also limited by the Reaper as well.
Given the Predator's phasing out and low size, weight, and power availability, the Air Force decided not to look into upgrades to make it more effective in contested environments and found its only use in defended airspace would be to be shot down while drawing fire away from other aircraft. Due to needed airborne surveillance after the (ISIL), the Predator's retirement was pushed to 2018. MQ-1s will probably be placed in non-recoverable storage at the Boneyard and not sold to allies, although antenna, ground control stations, and other components may be salvaged for continued use on other airframes.General Atomics completed manufacturing on the final RQ-1 ordered by Italy by October 2015, marking the end of Predator A production after two decades. The last Predator for the USAF was completed in 2011; later Predator aircraft were built on the Predator XP assembly line.The officially announced plans to retire the MQ-1 on 9 March 2018. The Predator was retired from USAF service in March 2018. Operational history. RQ-1A PredatorAs of March 2009, the U.S.
Air Force had 195 MQ-1 Predators and 28 MQ-9 Reapers in operation. Predators and Reapers fired missiles 244 times in and in 2007 and 2008. A report in March 2009 indicated that U.S. Air Force had lost 70 Predators in air crashes during its operational history. Fifty-five were lost to equipment failure, operator error, or weather. Five were shot down in, Syria and Iraq. Eleven more were lost to operational accidents on combat missions.
In 2012, the Predator, Reaper and were described as '. The most accident-prone aircraft in the Air Force fleet.' On 3 March 2011, the U.S. Air Force took delivery of its last MQ-1 Predator in a ceremony at General Atomics' flight operations facility. Since its first flight in July 1994, the MQ-1 series accumulated over 1,000,000 flight hours and maintained a fleet fully mission capable rate over 90 percent.On 22 October 2013, the U.S.
Air Force's fleets of MQ-1 Predators and remotely piloted aircraft reached 2,000,000 flight hours. The RPA program began in the mid-1990s, taking 16 years for them to reach 1 million flight hours. The 2 million hour mark was reached just two and a half years after that.On 9 March 2018, the U.S. Air Force officially retired the MQ-1 Predator from operational service. The aircraft was first operationally deployed in 1995 and in 2011 the last of 268 Predators were delivered to the service, of which just over 100 were still in service by the start of 2018.
While the Predator was phased out by the Air Force in favor of the heavier and more capable MQ-9 Reaper, the Predator continues to serve in the derivative for the U.S. Army as well as with several foreign nations. Squadrons and operational units During the initial ACTD phase, the led the evaluation program, but in April 1996, the selected the U.S. Air Force as the operating service for the RQ-1A Predator system. The at, and, Nevada, and the 's at, California, currently operate the MQ-1. In 2005, the U.S. Department of Defense recommended retiring 's 's fighter jets (a total of 15 aircraft), which was approved by the committee.
They will be replaced with 12 MQ-1 Predator UAVs, and the new unit should be fully equipped and outfitted by 2009. The wing's combat support arm will remain intact.
The 272d Engineering Installation Squadron, an Air National Guard unit currently located off-base, will move into Ellington Field in its place.The 3d Special Operations Squadron is currently the largest Predator squadron in the.was reported in 2013 to be operating 10 Predators and to have requested 14 more.On 21 June 2009, the United States Air Force announced that it was creating a new MQ-1 squadron at Whiteman Air Force Base that would become operational by February 2011. In September 2011, the U.S. Announced that despite current plans for budget cuts, they will continue to operate the Air Force's combat UAVs, including MQ-1B.On 28 August 2013, a Predator belonging to the was flying at 18,000 to 20,000 feet over the in California providing infrared video of lurking fires, after receiving emergency approvals. Rules limit the Predator behavior; it must be accompanied by a manned aircraft, and its camera must only be active above the fire.In September 2013, the tested the ability to rapidly deploy Predator aircraft. Two MQ-1s were loaded into a in a cradle system that also carried a control terminal, maintenance tent, and the crew. The test was to prove the UAVs could be deployed and set up at an expeditionary base within four hours of landing.
In a recent undisclosed deployment, airmen set up a portable hangar in a tent and a wooden taxiway to operate MQ-1s for a six-week period. In the Balkans.
Predator launching a Hellfire missileOn 16 February 2001 at, a Predator successfully fired three Hellfire missiles into a target. The newly armed Predators were given the designation of MQ-1A. In the first week of June 2001, a Hellfire missile was successfully launched on a replica of bin Laden's Afghanistan residence built at a Nevada testing site. A missile launched from a Predator exploded inside one of the replica's rooms; it was concluded that any people in the room would have been killed.
On 4 September 2001 (after the Bush cabinet approved a Qaeda/Taliban plan), CIA chief Tenet ordered the agency to resume reconnaissance flights. The Predators were now weapons-capable, but didn't carry missiles because the host country (presumably Uzbekistan) hadn't granted permission.Subsequent to 9/11, approval was quickly granted to ship the missiles, and the Predator aircraft and missiles reached their overseas location on 16 September 2001. The first mission was flown over and on 18 September without carrying weapons.
Subsequent host nation approval was granted on 7 October and the first armed mission was flown on the same day. In February 2002, armed Predators are thought to have been used to destroy a belonging to suspected Taliban leader Mullah and mistakenly killed Afghan scrap metal collectors near because one of them resembled.
On 4 March 2002, a CIA-operated Predator fired a Hellfire missile into a reinforced Taliban machine gun bunker that had pinned down an team whose had crashed on the top of Mountain in Afghanistan. Previous attempts by flights of and aircraft were unable to destroy the bunker. This action took place during what has become known as the ', a part of.
This appears to be the first use of such a weapon in a role. On 6 April 2011, the Predator had its first friendly fire incident when observers at a remote location did not relay their doubts about the target to the operators at.On 5 May 2013, an MQ-1 Predator surpassed 20,000 flight hours over Afghanistan by a single Predator. Predator P107 achieved the milestone while flying a 21-hour combat mission; P107 was first delivered in October 2004. Pakistan. Main article:Since at least 2004, the U.S. Has allegedly been operating the drones out of in Pakistan to attack militants in Pakistan's.Since May 2003, the MQ-1 Predator fitted with has been successfully used to kill a number of prominent operatives.
The use of the Predator has also resulted in a number of civilian deaths, particularly on 13 January 2006 when 18 civilians were killed. According to Pakistani authorities, the U.S. Strike was based on faulty intelligence, and the Pakistan government did not allow U.S. Agency to strike within Pakistan territory. An MQ-1B Predator from the 361st Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron takes off 9 July 2008 from, Iraq.An Iraqi shot down a Predator performing reconnaissance over the in Iraq on 23 December 2002.
This was the first time in history a conventional aircraft and a drone had engaged each other in combat. Predators had been armed with air-to-air missiles, and were purportedly being used to 'bait' Iraqi fighters, then run. However, Predators are 1,800 mph slower than MIG-25's and the service ceiling is nearly 60,000 ft lower, making the 'run' segment of any 'bait and run' mission a difficult task. In this incident, the Predator did not run (or could not run fast enough), but instead fired one of its Stingers. The Stinger's heat-seeker became 'distracted' by the MiG's missile and missed the MiG.
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The Predator was hit by the MiG's missile and destroyed. Another two Predators had been shot down earlier by Iraqi.During the initial phases of the, a number of older Predators were stripped down and used as decoys to entice Iraqi air defenses to expose themselves by firing. From July 2005 to June 2006, the participated in more than 242 separate raids, engaged 132 troops in contact-force protection actions, fired 59 Hellfire missiles; surveyed 18,490 targets, escorted four convoys, and flew 2,073 sorties for more than 33,833 flying hours.intercepted video feeds, which were not encrypted, using a $26 piece of Russian software named. The encryption for the feeds was removed for performance reasons. Work to secure the data feeds was to be completed by 2014.On 27 June 2014, the Pentagon confirmed that a number of armed Predators had been sent to Iraq along with U.S.
Special Forces following advances by the. The Predators were flying 30 to 40 missions a day in and around Baghdad with government permission, and intelligence was shared with Iraqi forces. On 8 August 2014, an MQ-1 Predator fired a missile at a militant mortar position. From the beginning of to January 2016, five UASF Predators were lost; four crashed from technical failures in Iraq, one in June 2015, two in October 2015, and one in January 2016. Main article:On 3 November 2002, a was fired at a car in, killing, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the. It was the first direct U.S.
Strike in the outside.In 2004, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC-TV) international affairs program Foreign Correspondent investigated this and the involvement of the then U.S. Ambassador as part of a special report titled 'The Yemen Option'. The report also examined the evolving tactics and countermeasures in dealing with Al Qaeda inspired attacks.On 30 September 2011, a Hellfire fired from an American killed, an American-citizen cleric and Al Qaeda leader, in Yemen. Also killed was, an American born in, who was editor of al-Qaeda's English-language webzine,.On 22 March 2019, Houthi rebels claimed to have shot down an MQ-1 drone operated by the 'Saudi-led coalition forces'. No nation participating in the Yemeni Civil War has yet confirmed the Houthi claims of an MQ-1 loss. Libya U.S.
Air Force MQ-1B Predators have been involved in reconnaissance and strike sorties in. An MQ-1B fired its first Hellfire missile in the conflict on 23 April 2011, striking a. There are also some suggestions that a Predator was involved in the final attack against.Predators returned to Libya in 2012, after that killed the US Ambassador in. MQ-9 Reapers were also deployed. Somalia On 25 June 2011, US Predator drones attacked an training camp south of., a senior al Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike.Four Al-Shabaab fighters, including a Kenyan, were killed in a drone strike late February 2012. Iran On 1 November 2012, two Iranian attack aircraft engaged an unarmed Predator conducting routine surveillance over the just before 05:00 EST. The Su-25s made two passes at the drone firing their 30 mm cannon; the Predator was not hit and returned to base.
The incident was not revealed publicly until 8 November. Stated that the Predator was over international waters, 16 miles away from Iran and never entered its airspace. Iran states that the drone entered Iran's airspace and that its aircraft fired warning shots to drive it away.On 12 March 2013, an Iranian pursued an MQ-1 flying over the Persian Gulf. The unarmed reconnoitering Predator was approached by the F-4, coming within 16 miles of the UAV.
Fighters were escorting the Predator and verbally warned the jet, which made the Iranian F-4 break off. All American aircraft remained over international waters. An earlier statement by the Pentagon that the escorting planes fired a flare to warn the Iranian jet was later amended. The Air Force later revealed that the American jet that forced the Iranian F-4 to break off was an. Syria Armed MQ-1 are used in against IS over Syria and Iraq. On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 was shot down by a Syrian government SAM battery when it overflew the Port of Latakia, a region not involved in the international military operation. Philippines A 2012 article claimed that U.S.
Forces used a Predator drone to try and kill Indonesian terrorist in in 2006. Denied this action took place, however. It was reported that a drone was responsible for killing al-Qaeda operative on on 2 February 2012. The strike reportedly killed 15 Abu Sayyaf operatives. The Philippines stated the strike was done by manned aircraft with assistance from the U.S. Other users The Predator has also been used by the.
A contract for 6 version A Predators (later updgraded to A+) was signed in July 2002 and delivery begun in December 2004. It was used in these missions:. Iraq, Tallil: from January 2005 to November 2006 for 'Antica Babilonia' mission (1.600 hours flew). Afghanistan, Herat: from June 2007 to January 2014 (beginning with Predator A, then A+ and finally replaced by MQ-9 Reaper). Flew 6.000 hours in 750 missions only from June 2007 to May 2011. Djibouti: 2 x Predator A+, since 6 August 2014 for support Atalanta EU mission – counter piracy – and for EUTM mission in Somalia (first mission flew 9 August 2014; detachment of about 70 Italian air force airmen )Two civil-registered unarmed MQ-1s have been operated by the in the since 2006.The Predator has been licensed for sale to Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Variants.
This section needs additional citations for. RQ-1 Predator of the. (32nd Wing) Armando Boetto—,. 28° Gruppo (28th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron). 61° Gruppo (61st Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron). The Turkish Air Force has 6 MQ-1 Predators on order via the USA's mechanism.
The Turkish Air Force also operates 3 MQ-1 Predator systems on lease from the US as a stop gap measure as of 2011. The leased MQ-1s are under Turkish command (UAV Base Group Command) but operated by a joint Turkish-US unit.
signed a US$197 million deal in February 2013 for an unspecified number of Predators, XP version, marking its first sale. One system of four aircraft is planned to begin delivery in mid-2016. General Atomics stated on 16 February 2017 that it finished deliveries, declining comment on the number delivered. received four Predator A aircraft.Former operators. —,., Whiteman AFB, Missouri. —,. —, Florida.,.,.
—. —. —. —. 214th Reconnaissance Squadron. —.GSU at. inSpecifications.
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